@article { author = {Sherry, Abeer}, title = {Management Styles of Multinational Corporations and PepsiCo Orientation in the Lebanese Market}, journal = {Management Studies and Economic Systems}, volume = {6}, number = {3/4}, pages = {101-107}, year = {2021}, publisher = {ZARSMI}, issn = {2408-9583}, eissn = {2313-5166}, doi = {}, abstract = {Multinational companies face competition and challenges in the global market in a constant battle to prosper, profit, and sustain. The challenge is real, and it affects the managerial, economic, and workforce levels. Subsidiaries are subject to economic and cultural influences and pressures and home country managers are constantly burdened when crucial decisions should be taken. The resources are scarce, and all products and services should be globalized which needs a staff that is competent, resourceful, and incentivized. In this article, we define management style as the method path that corporations follow to steer their businesses, exercise authority, and direct their personnel in order to achieve their national and global targets. There are three management styles discussed in the article revealing their main traits and procedures and showing their advantages and disadvantages. The case of PepsiCo management style practices and operations will be illustrated evidencing how its orientation led to success in the Lebanese market.}, keywords = {multinational companies,Global Market,Subsidiaries,management style,PepsiCo,Sustainability,Targets,Lebanese market}, url = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140503.html}, eprint = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140503_39fb2a17bc1c30b8891b98915b881e2b.pdf} } @article { author = {Taher, Ghada}, title = {Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the Construction Industry: Challenges and Opportunities}, journal = {Management Studies and Economic Systems}, volume = {6}, number = {3/4}, pages = {109-127}, year = {2021}, publisher = {ZARSMI}, issn = {2408-9583}, eissn = {2313-5166}, doi = {}, abstract = {Industry 4.0 has been a common concept recently to characterize the movement toward digitization and automation in the industrial world. When comparing the innovations of other industries, the building industry is slow to integrate these revolutionary developments into its standard procedures, considering the rapid advancements used in other industry sectors and covid-19 which undoubtedly brought more urgency to this task.  Despite a number of advantages and opportunities, there are many barriers that prohibit the construction sector from adopting IR 4.0 due to a variety of factors. Therefore, the paper aims to determine the key issues that are preventing the introduction of IR 4.0-related technology in the construction industry, as well as the long-term opportunities. The paper concludes, despite the challenges, the implementation of IR 4.0 within the Construction Industry would drive the industry’s performance to match with their industry counterparts such as the manufacturing, and automotive industry. Industry 4.0 is indeed the way of the future and must be embraced. There is no alternative to digitization, even on the building site Construction needs to catch up.}, keywords = {Construction 4.0,digital transformation,PESTEL framework,Enablers,Barriers}, url = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140504.html}, eprint = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140504_1d5f182cf5bc70a06e4a181e884359e0.pdf} } @article { author = {Elia, Jean and Toros, Elena and Sawaya, Chadia and Balouza, Mohammad}, title = {The Effect of Unemployment, Real interest Rate, Debt Service, and Government Expenditure on the Z”-score of Lebanese Alpha Banks}, journal = {Management Studies and Economic Systems}, volume = {6}, number = {3/4}, pages = {129-140}, year = {2021}, publisher = {ZARSMI}, issn = {2408-9583}, eissn = {2313-5166}, doi = {}, abstract = {Purpose – Lebanon is currently witnessing the most severe banking sector crisis in its history. Thus, nowadays, the demand for financial analyses in banks has increased to examine the financial distress and the potential impact of the macroeconomic factors. Consequently, this research studies bank distress in Lebanese Alpha banks and addresses the question of how the Lebanese major macroeconomic factors affect it.Design/methodology/approach – The researchers calculated the mean Altman Z”-scores for 10 Lebanese Alpha banks for the period 2009 – 2018 as an indicator for financial distress. Furthermore, they collected data regarding the chosen macroeconomic indicators for the same period from the World Bank Data. Consequently, the researchers developed a Regression Model and analyzed the model and a multicollinearity test.Findings – The calculated Altman Z"-scores showed that Lebanese Alpha banks were very likely to be financially distressed. Moreover, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between debt service, government expenditures, unemployment, and the real interest rate on one side and alpha banks’ high probability to become distressed on the other side.Research limitations/implications – First, gathering data regarding the macroeconomic indicators was a hurdle as there were differences among the sources (Lebanese Ministry of Finance, BDL, Bloomberg, IMF, and World Bank). This is why the authors depended on the values published by the World Bank Data as a reliable source. Second, there is a lack of studies analyzing the relationship between the banking sector’s current crisis and the individual macroeconomic variables. However, this limitation also gives value to the results of this study.Practical implications – This research sheds light on the significance of the Altman Z"-score as an indicator for financial distress in Lebanese Alpha banks. Thus, a model can be developed based on the basic Altman model that fits Lebanese banks. Moreover, banking authorities (BdL, ABL, and BCC) should impose yearly calculations of this score to detect probable future distress. Originality/value – The value of this study stems from it being one of the first studies in the Lebanese market examining the impact of macroeconomic factors on the Z”-scores of the Lebanese Alpha banks using the Multiple Regression Model.}, keywords = {Altman Z”-score,unemployment,Real Interest Rate,Debt service,Government Expenditure,Lebanese Alpha Banks}, url = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140806.html}, eprint = {https://www.msaes.org/article_140806_642bab567cfabd20eff4ddb27e300562.pdf} }